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One of several new cancer biotherapies, Erbitux is currently in advanced-stage development for the treatment of several solid tumours.
One of several new cancer biotherapies, Erbitux is currently in advanced-stage development for the treatment of several solid tumours.
 Inhibition of EGFR prevents tumour growth and dissemination as well as inducing cell death (apoptosis). (Source: ABPI)
Inhibition of EGFR prevents tumour growth and dissemination as well as inducing cell death (apoptosis). (Source: ABPI)
 Over expression of EGFR correlates with increased metastasis, decreased survival and a poor prognosis. (Source: ABPI)
Over expression of EGFR correlates with increased metastasis, decreased survival and a poor prognosis. (Source: ABPI)
Erbitux is a chimaeric monoclonal antibody (MAb) specific for the EGFR.
Erbitux is a chimaeric monoclonal antibody (MAb) specific for the EGFR.
 Erbitux has been approved for use in metastatic colorectal cancer in both Switzerland and the US.
Erbitux has been approved for use in metastatic colorectal cancer in both Switzerland and the US.
 In July 2002, ImClone Systems secured FDA approval for the production of Erbitux for use in clinical studies.
In July 2002, ImClone Systems secured FDA approval for the production of Erbitux for use in clinical studies.
Prospects now rest on the outcome of the Merck KGaA pivotal phase III trials in colorectal and head and neck cancer.
Prospects now rest on the outcome of the Merck KGaA pivotal phase III trials in colorectal and head and neck cancer.
 Avastin has become the first angiogenesis inhibitor to market; it secured US FDA approval at the end of February 2004 for use as a first-line treatment for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer.
Avastin has become the first angiogenesis inhibitor to market; it secured US FDA approval at the end of February 2004 for use as a first-line treatment for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer.
 Angiogenesis inhibitors are designed to stop tumours from developing a blood supply, a pre-requisite for tumour growth and metastasis. (Source: ABPI)
Angiogenesis inhibitors are designed to stop tumours from developing a blood supply, a pre-requisite for tumour growth and metastasis. (Source: ABPI)
Tumour angiogenesis. (Source: ABPI)
Tumour angiogenesis. (Source: ABPI)
 Cross-section of solid tumour. (Source: ABPI)
Cross-section of solid tumour. (Source: ABPI)
 Roche R&D Centre, Basle.
Roche R&D Centre, Basle.
Drug development and approval process.
Drug development and approval process.
 To meet the growing demand for licensed products and new drugs coming on stream, Genentech is increasing production capacity.
To meet the growing demand for licensed products and new drugs coming on stream, Genentech is increasing production capacity.
 Tarceva (erlotinib) is an oral anti-cancer drug under development by OSI Pharmaceuticals, Genentech and Roche.
Tarceva (erlotinib) is an oral anti-cancer drug under development by OSI Pharmaceuticals, Genentech and Roche.
Over expression of EGFR is common in many solid tumours. (Source: ABPI)
Over expression of EGFR is common in many solid tumours. (Source: ABPI)
 Tarceva works by inhibiting receptor tyrosine kinase activity, the protein product of the EGFR gene. (Source: ABPI)
Tarceva works by inhibiting receptor tyrosine kinase activity, the protein product of the EGFR gene. (Source: ABPI)
 Roche R&D Centre, Basle.
Roche R&D Centre, Basle.
erbB receptors consist of three components: the extracellular domain to which ligands bind; a transmembrane domain; and an intracellular domain that includes tyrosine kinase.
erbB receptors consist of three components: the extracellular domain to which ligands bind; a transmembrane domain; and an intracellular domain that includes tyrosine kinase.
 Cross-section of a solid tumour. (Source: ABPI)
Cross-section of a solid tumour. (Source: ABPI)
 The processes in which a tumour spreads from the primary site. (Source: ABPI)
The processes in which a tumour spreads from the primary site. (Source: ABPI)
An illustration of how tumour cells develop resistance to chemotherapeutic agents reducing their clinical effectiveness. (Source: ABPI)
An illustration of how tumour cells develop resistance to chemotherapeutic agents reducing their clinical effectiveness. (Source: ABPI)
 An illustration of how multidrug resistant inhibitors (MDRIs) can block the p-glycoprotein (Pg) of resistant tumour cells and restore senstivity to cancer drugs. (Source: ABPI)
An illustration of how multidrug resistant inhibitors (MDRIs) can block the p-glycoprotein (Pg) of resistant tumour cells and restore senstivity to cancer drugs. (Source: ABPI)
 Cross-section of a tumour showing the invasive zone and the inner zone where oxygen and nutrient supply is reduced. (Source: ABPI)
Cross-section of a tumour showing the invasive zone and the inner zone where oxygen and nutrient supply is reduced. (Source: ABPI)
The mechanism by which tumour cells spread (metastasise). (Source: ABPI)
The mechanism by which tumour cells spread (metastasise). (Source: ABPI)
 Cross-section of the lungs.
Cross-section of the lungs.
 Cross-section of a solid tumour.
Cross-section of a solid tumour.
The processes in which a tumour spreads from the primary site.
The processes in which a tumour spreads from the primary site.
 The cell cycle showing the points at which some classes of anticancer agents act.
The cell cycle showing the points at which some classes of anticancer agents act.
 Tyrosine kinase inhibitors are now used to treat several cancers including NSCLC.
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors are now used to treat several cancers including NSCLC.
NSCLC accounts for about 80% of all lung cancers.
NSCLC accounts for about 80% of all lung cancers.
 Some pathways and colony forming units (CFU) involved in the formation of blood cells
Some pathways and colony forming units (CFU) involved in the formation of blood cells
 Relationship between stage of maturation of white blood cells and common forms of blood cancer
Relationship between stage of maturation of white blood cells and common forms of blood cancer
The t(9:22) chromosome translocation in CML
The t(9:22) chromosome translocation in CML
 Onset of CML, showing that peak occurrence is in people aged 50-70 years. Incidence is slightly higher among males than females
Onset of CML, showing that peak occurrence is in people aged 50-70 years. Incidence is slightly higher among males than females
 Treatments for CML include conventional cytotoxic agents, interferon, and imatinib - the current gold standard
Treatments for CML include conventional cytotoxic agents, interferon, and imatinib - the current gold standard
Rates of response and survival at 5 years in trials of chemotherapy, interferon and imatinib for CML
Rates of response and survival at 5 years in trials of chemotherapy, interferon and imatinib for CML
 Combretastatin was first isolated from the bark of the African bush willow tree, which grows in the Eastern Cape region of South Africa.
Combretastatin was first isolated from the bark of the African bush willow tree, which grows in the Eastern Cape region of South Africa.
 Molecular structure of combretastatin, an anti-cancer medicine that can now be synthesised.
Molecular structure of combretastatin, an anti-cancer medicine that can now be synthesised.
Drugs that target tumour blood supply represent an important new therapeutic approach to the treatment of solid tumours.
Drugs that target tumour blood supply represent an important new therapeutic approach to the treatment of solid tumours.
 Cross-section of a solid tumour.
Cross-section of a solid tumour.
 Illustration of the processes in which a tumour spreads (metastasizes) from its primary site.
Illustration of the processes in which a tumour spreads (metastasizes) from its primary site.


The most common cancers diagnosed in women in the UK in 2001 out of a total of over 136,000 cases.
The most common cancers diagnosed in women in the UK in 2001 out of a total of over 136,000 cases.
 The mechanism by which tumour cells spread from the primary site via blood and lymph to other sits in the body.
The mechanism by which tumour cells spread from the primary site via blood and lymph to other sits in the body.
Diagram showing the most likely sites for local and distant spread of metastases in secondary (advanced) breast cancer.
Diagram showing the most likely sites for local and distant spread of metastases in secondary (advanced) breast cancer.
 An illustration of how tumour cells develop resistance to chemotherapeutic agents, reducing their clinical effectiveness.
An illustration of how tumour cells develop resistance to chemotherapeutic agents, reducing their clinical effectiveness.
 Ixabepilone is a microtubule inhibitor that stops cells separating during the G2 phase of the cell cycling.
Ixabepilone is a microtubule inhibitor that stops cells separating during the G2 phase of the cell cycling.
Persistent infection with oncogenic types of human papilloma virus, such as types 16 and 18, can lead to the development of cervical cancer.
Persistent infection with oncogenic types of human papilloma virus, such as types 16 and 18, can lead to the development of cervical cancer.
 Cervical cell abnormalities are classified as CIN 1-3. CIN 1 describes mild dysplasia, in which the cells often revert to a normal histological pattern.
Cervical cell abnormalities are classified as CIN 1-3. CIN 1 describes mild dysplasia, in which the cells often revert to a normal histological pattern.
 In its early stages, cervical cancer is usually asymptomatic. Cervical cancer screening is important in detecting potentially pre-cancerous lesions.
In its early stages, cervical cancer is usually asymptomatic. Cervical cancer screening is important in detecting potentially pre-cancerous lesions.
Staging is important in determining the extent and spread of a cancer and the type of treatment likely to be most effective.
Staging is important in determining the extent and spread of a cancer and the type of treatment likely to be most effective.
 In the UK, GSK markets over 25 prophylactic vaccines for the prevention of serious infectious diseases. Cervarix is one of its most recent additions to the list.
In the UK, GSK markets over 25 prophylactic vaccines for the prevention of serious infectious diseases. Cervarix is one of its most recent additions to the list.
 Diagram of the respiratory system; ASA404 can help target the symptoms of lung cancer.
Diagram of the respiratory system; ASA404 can help target the symptoms of lung cancer.
Antisoma's ASA404 is a vascular disrupting agent (VDA) that is designed to attack the established blood vessel network within a tumour.
Antisoma's ASA404 is a vascular disrupting agent (VDA) that is designed to attack the established blood vessel network within a tumour.
 The process by which a tumour spreads from the primary site in the body, such as the lungs, to other sites.
The process by which a tumour spreads from the primary site in the body, such as the lungs, to other sites.
 Structure of the breast and mammary gland.
Structure of the breast and mammary gland.
The most common cancers diagnosed in women in the UK in 2001 out of a total of over 136,000 cases.
The most common cancers diagnosed in women in the UK in 2001 out of a total of over 136,000 cases.
 The mechanism by which tumour cells spread from the primary site via blood and lymph to other sites in the body.
The mechanism by which tumour cells spread from the primary site via blood and lymph to other sites in the body.
 Diagram showing the most likely sites for local and distant spread of metastases in secondary (advanced) breast cancer.
Diagram showing the most likely sites for local and distant spread of metastases in secondary (advanced) breast cancer.
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